The recreational fishery for summer flounder consistently ranks among the top fisheries in the mid-Atlantic region. Under the Fishery Management Plan (FMP) for the Summer Flounder Fishery, recreational fishery quotas, minimum size limits, and trip bag limits are being utilized to reduce fishing mortality to sustainable target levels. Estimated hook-release mortality is incorporated into annual recreational catch estimates as well as models used to establish size and bag limits. Beginning in 1993, the FMP has employed a hook-release mortality rate of 25% for the recreational fishery.
This study was undertaken to determine levels of release mortality under recreational fishing conditions and, through tank experiments, to determine what factors might significantly contribute to such mortality. The project involved use of a large-scale, outside, flow-through tank system to conduct hooking experiments as well as field fishing trials involving catching flounder from private boats (drift fishing using live-fresh bait). In addition, a survey was made of anglers at various recreational fishing shows and fishery meetings concerning flounder fishing practices, perceptions of release mortality levels, and major factors contributing to such mortalities. The study was carried out principally at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science Wachapreague Laboratory on the seaside of Virginia's Eastern Shore. Fish were collected in the Wachapreague Inlet area for tank experiments, while field fishing trials were conducted in the same area as well as inside Chesapeake Bay off the town of Cape Charles.
Tank experiments
evaluated the effects of hook wound location, degree of bleeding,
and fish size on release mortality. Additionally, angling
practices such as crimping hook barbs, cutting leaders in deeply
hooked fish, and using different shape hooks were examined to
determine whether such practices could be demonstrated to reduce
mortalities in released
flounder. Fish used for the tank trials were caught by a small
trawl net, transported in aerated live wells to flow-through,
laboratory tanks, acclimated to the tank, and fed regularly.
Tank-held fish were then systematically caught on hook and line
using live bait, the hooking data recorded, and the fish were
released back into the tank. To increase sample
sizes to make comparisons among hooking treatments, extended hook
setting delay periods were used whereby fish were given slack
line for 30-45 seconds after taking a baited hook. Post-release
observation periods for four tank experiments ranged from 7-21
days, and experimental water temperatures ranged from 15-24'C
(59-75'F).
The only factor
consistently observed to impact release mortality in the tank
experiments was deep hooking of fish (hooks lodging in the
esophagus, gills, or deep mouth-tongue area). Deep-hooked
flounder accounted for 95% of the mortalities in the tank
experiments. Of the dying fish, 76% were hooked in the esophagus,
16% in the gills, and 8% in the deep mouth-tongue
area. Mortality rates for fish hooked in the referenced wound
areas were 42%, 29%, and 12%, respectively. Hook wound location
was the only variable which significantly affected mortality in
all tank experiments. Factors such as water temperature, fish
size, crimping hook barbs, and using wide gap hooks were not
demonstrated to significantly affect mortality. While also not
statistically proven to reduce mortality, cutting leaders and
leaving the hooks in deep-hooked fish, especially those hooked in
the esophagus, showed potential for lowering release mortality.
Proportions of deep-hooked fish in the tank experiments were artificially high, as well as significantly different among experiments. Therefore, mortality rates were weighted by the percentage of hooked fish which were deep-hooked. The resulting weighted mortality rates ranged from 7-23% over the four experiments, the mean mortality being 11% (95% CI=3-24%). Three field fishing trials (N=65, 45, and 80 fish) were completed at water temperatures of 23-260C (7379'F), producing rates of deep-hooked flounder of 20%, 13%, and 10%, respectively. Held in aerated live wells for up to 3-5 hours after capture, the fish were transported to live cages to observe release mortality rates. Unfortunately, inconsistencies in cage holding conditions made the cage mortality data unreliable. Although representing short observation periods, live well mortality rates ranged from 6-9%, levels similar to weighted mortality rates in three of four tank experiments. The mean mortality rate in live wells for the three field trials was 8% (95% CI=49%), with 93% of the total mortality occurring in deep-hooked fish.
Knowing the number of
deephooked fish in each field trial, a projected mortality rate
for each trial was estimated using mortality rates of deep-hooked
fish in the tank experiments. This estimate was considered to be
relatively conservative, since tank-held fish were likely
subjected to more stress than fish caught under natural
conditions. The projected
mortality was weighted to account for the fact that 7% of the
fish dying in the live wells were not deep-hooked. The
projected-weighted mean mortality values for the field trials
ranged from 5-16%, with the overall projected mean mortality for
the trials equal to 6% (N=12,95% CI=4-9%).
Therefore, mean release mortality estimates in this study ranged from 6% (field trials) to I I% (tank experiments). This level of mortality is supported by additional work conducted on flounder during the summer of 1997 in New York. Flounder caught aboard a party boat, maintained in aerated containers, then held for 72 hours in submerged cages, exhibited a release mortality rate of 12% (N=124 fish).
Estimated mortality rates observed in tank and field trials were considerably lower than the 25% release mortality rate currently used in the Fishery Management Plan for Summer Flounder. If the intent of the plan is to use a release mortality rate that reflects actual mortality under natural fishing conditions, the current rate seems conservative. It would be of interest for the MAFMC and ASMFC to evaluate effects, if any, of lower release mortality rates on annual recreational flounder catch estimates as well as size and bag limits established for achieving targeted levels of fishing mortality.